What Was The Last Year Of Merriam Webster's Dictionary Updated

Dictionary developed by Noah Webster and other dictionaries using his proper noun

An 1888 advertisement for Webster'south Unabridged Dictionary

Webster's Dictionary is whatever of the English language dictionaries edited in the early 19th century by American lexicographer Noah Webster (1758–1843), too equally numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that accept adopted the Webster's proper name in accolade. "Webster's" has since become a genericized trademark in the United States for English dictionaries, and is widely used in lexicon titles.^[one]

Merriam-Webster is the corporate heir to Noah Webster's original works, which are in the public domain.

Noah Webster'south American Dictionary of the English Language [edit]

Noah Webster (1758–1843), the author of the readers and spelling books which dominated the American marketplace at the fourth dimension, spent decades of enquiry in compiling his dictionaries. His first lexicon, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, appeared in 1806. In information technology, he popularized features which would become a authentication of American English spelling (center rather than middle, honor rather than honour, plan rather than plan, etc.) and included technical terms from the arts and sciences rather than confining his dictionary to literary words. Webster was a proponent of English spelling reform for reasons both philological and nationalistic. In A Companion to the American Revolution (2008), John Algeo notes: "it is often assumed that characteristically American spellings were invented by Noah Webster. He was very influential in popularizing sure spellings in America, but he did not originate them. Rather [...] he chose already existing options such as center, color and check on such grounds equally simplicity, analogy or etymology".^[2] In William Shakespeare's first folios, for case, spellings such as eye and color are the most common.^{[3] [iv]} He spent the next two decades working to aggrandize his dictionary.

Start edition 1828 [edit]

Title folio of the 1828 first edition of the American Dictionary of the English language Language featuring an engraving of Noah Webster

Excerpt from the Orthography department of the showtime edition, which popularized the American standard spellings of -er (six); -or (7); dropped -e (eight); -or (10); -se (11); doubling consonants with suffix (15)

In 1828, when Noah Webster was seventy, his American Dictionary of the English language Language was published by S. Converse in two quarto volumes containing 70,000 entries,^[5] as against the 58,000 of whatsoever previous dictionary. There were two,500 copies printed, at $xx (adapted for inflation: $539.77) for the two volumes. At beginning the set sold poorly. When he lowered the price to $xv (adapted for inflation: $404.82), its sales improved, and by 1836 that edition was exhausted.^[6] Not all copies were bound at the same time; the book too appeared in publisher'southward boards; other original bindings of a later date are not unknown.^[7]

Second edition 1841 [edit]

1841 printing [edit]

In 1841, 82-year-one-time Noah Webster published a 2nd edition of his lexicographical masterpiece with the aid of his son, William G. Webster. Its title page does not claim the status of 2d edition, only noting that this new edition was the "start edition in octavo" in contrast to the quarto format of the beginning edition of 1828. Over again in ii volumes, the title page proclaimed that the Dictionary contained "the whole vocabulary of the quarto, with corrections, improvements and several yard boosted words: to which is prefixed an introductory dissertation on the origin, history and connection of the languages of western Asia and Europe, with an caption of the principles on which languages are formed.^[8] B. L. Hamlen of New Haven, Connecticut, prepared the 1841 press of the 2d edition.^[9]

1844 printing [edit]

When Webster died, his heirs sold unbound sheets of his 1841 revision American Dictionary of the English Linguistic communication to the house of J. S. & C. Adams of Amherst, Massachusetts. This business firm bound and published a minor number of copies in 1844 – the same edition that Emily Dickinson used as a tool for her poetic composition.^{[ten] [xi]} Nevertheless, a $15 (adjusted for aggrandizement: $512.78) price tag on the book made it besides expensive to sell easily, so the Amherst firm decided to sell out. Merriam caused rights from Adams, every bit well equally signing a contract with Webster's heirs for sole rights.^[12]

1845 printing [edit]

The third printing of the 2d edition was past George and Charles Merriam of Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1845.^[13] This was the first Webster's Lexicon with a Merriam imprint.^[7]

Influence [edit]

Lepore (2008) demonstrates Webster's innovative ideas about linguistic communication and politics and shows why Webster'south endeavors were at first so poorly received. Culturally bourgeois Federalists denounced the work as radical – as well inclusive in its lexicon and fifty-fifty bordering on vulgar. Meanwhile, Webster'south old foes, the Jeffersonian Republicans, attacked the man, labeling him mad for such an undertaking.^[14]

Scholars have long seen Webster's 1844 dictionary to be an important resources for reading poet Emily Dickinson's life and piece of work; she one time commented that the "Lexicon" was her "merely companion" for years. One biographer said, "The dictionary was no mere reference book to her; she read it as a priest his breviary – over and over, page by page, with utter assimilation.";^[15]

Austin (2005) explores the intersection of lexicographical and poetic practices in American literature, and attempts to map out a "lexical poetics" using Webster's dictionaries. He shows the means in which American poetry has inherited Webster and drawn upon his lexicography to reinvent it. Austin explicates key definitions from both the Compendious (1806) and American (1828) dictionaries and brings into its discourse a range of concerns including the politics of American English, the question of national identity and civilisation in the early moments of American independence, and the poetics of citation and of definition.

Webster's dictionaries were a redefinition of Americanism within the context of an emergent and unstable American socio-political and cultural identity. Webster'due south identification of his projection equally a "federal linguistic communication" shows his competing impulses towards regularity and innovation in historical terms. Perhaps the contradictions of Webster'due south project represented a part of a larger dialectical play between freedom and gild within Revolutionary and mail service-Revolutionary political debates.^[16]

Other dictionaries with Webster'southward proper noun [edit]

Noah Webster'south assistant, and later chief competitor, Joseph Emerson Worcester, and Webster'southward son-in-law Chauncey A. Goodrich, published an abridgment of Noah Webster'due south 1828 American Lexicon of the English language Language in 1829, with the aforementioned number of words and Webster's total definitions, but with truncated literary references and expanded etymology. Although it was more than successful financially than the original 1828 edition and was reprinted many times, Noah Webster was disquisitional of it.^[9] Worcester and Goodrich's abridgment of Noah Webster's dictionary was published in 1841 by White and Sheffield, printed past E. Sanderson in Elizabethtown, N.J. and again in 1844 past publishers Harper and Brothers of New York City, in 1844, with added words as an appendix.

New and Revised Edition 1847 [edit]

Upon Webster's death in 1843, the unsold books and all rights to the copyright and name "Webster" were purchased by brothers George and Charles Merriam, who and so hired Webster's son-in-law Chauncey A. Goodrich, a professor at Yale College, to oversee revisions. Goodrich's New and Revised Edition appeared on September 24, 1847, and a Revised and Enlarged edition in 1848, which added a section of illustrations indexed to the text. His revisions remained close to Webster's work, only removed what afterward editors referred to as his "excrescences".

British influence [edit]

In 1850, Blackie and Son in Glasgow published the first general lexicon of English language that made heavy utilise of pictorial illustrations integrated with the text, The Royal Lexicon, English, Technological, and Scientific, Adapted to the Present State of Literature, Science, and Fine art; On the Basis of Webster's English Lexicon. Editor John Ogilve used Webster'southward 1841 edition equally a base, adding many new, specialized, and British words, increasing the vocabulary from Webster 's seventy,000 to more than 100,000.^[17]

Unabridged edition 1864 [edit]

In response to Joseph Worcester'south groundbreaking dictionary of 1860, A Dictionary of the English Linguistic communication, the Yard. & C. Merriam Company created a significantly revised edition, A Dictionary of the English.^[18] It was edited by Yale University professor Noah Porter and published in 1864, containing 114,000 entries. It was sometimes referred to equally the Webster–Mahn edition, because it featured revisions by Dr. C. A. F. Mahn, who replaced unsupportable etymologies which were based on Webster's endeavor to suit to Biblical interpretations of the history of language. It was the first edition to largely overhaul Noah Webster'southward piece of work, and the first to be known as the Unabridged. Later printings included boosted fabric: a "Supplement Of Additional Words And Definitions" containing more than 4,600 new words and definitions in 1879, A Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary containing more than than nine,700 names of noteworthy persons in 1879, and a Pronouncing Gazetteer in 1884. The 1883 printing of the book contained 1,928 pages and was 8½ in (22 cm) broad by eleven½ in (29 cm) alpine by iv¼ in (eleven cm) thick. The 1888 printing (revision?) is similarly sized, with the last printed folio number "1935" which has on its back further content (hence, 1936th folio), and closes with "Whole number of pages 2012". This dictionary carries the 1864 Preface past Noah Porter with postscripts of 1879 and 1884.

James A.H. Murray, the editor of the Oxford English language Dictionary (1879–1928) says Webster'southward unabridged edition of 1864 "acquired an international fame. It was held to be superior to every other dictionary and taken equally the leading authority on the meaning of words, not merely in America and England, merely likewise throughout the Far Eastward."^[19]

Webster's International Dictionary (1890 and 1900) [edit]

1896 advertisement for the 1890 International edition

Porter as well edited the succeeding edition, Webster'southward International Dictionary of the English language Language (1890), which was an expansion of the American Dictionary. It contained about 175,000 entries. In 1900, Webster'due south International was republished with a supplement that added 25,000 entries to it.

In 1898 the Collegiate Dictionary too was introduced (meet below).

Webster's New International Dictionary 1909 [edit]

The Merriam Visitor issued a complete revision in 1909, Webster's New International Lexicon, edited by William Torrey Harris and F. Sturges Allen. Vastly expanded, it covered more than 400,000 entries, and double the number of illustrations. A new format feature, the divided page, was designed to relieve space past including a department of words beneath the line at the bottom of each page: six columns of very fine print, devoted to such items as rarely used, obsolete, and foreign words, abbreviations, and variant spellings. Notable comeback was fabricated in the handling and number of discriminated synonyms, comparisons of subtle shades of meaning. Also added was a twenty-page nautical chart comparing the Webster'due south pronunciations with those offered by six other major dictionaries. This edition was reprinted in 1913. Being in the public domain and having been scanned and OCRd, this edition has had substantial influence on Wiktionary.

Webster's New International Dictionary (2d edition, 1934) [edit]

"Webster's Second" redirects here. For Daniel Webster's "Second Reply to Hayne", see Webster–Hayne debate.

In 1934, the New International Dictionary was revised and expanded for a 2d edition, which is popularly known equally Webster's Second or W2, although it was non published nether that title. It was edited by William Allan Neilson and Thomas A. Knott. It contained 3350 pages and sold for $39.l (adjusted for aggrandizement: $755.77). Some versions added a 400-page supplement called A Reference History of the World, which provided chronologies "from earliest times to the present". The editors claimed more than 600,000 entries, more than than any other dictionary at that fourth dimension, merely that number included many proper names and newly added lists of undefined "combination words". Multiple definitions of words are listed in chronological society, with the oldest, and often obsolete, usages listed first. For example, the kickoff definition of starve includes dying of exposure to the elements as well as from lack of food.

The numerous picture plates added to the book's entreatment and usefulness, particularly when pertaining to things plant in nature. Conversely, the plate showing the coins of the globe'southward important nations quickly proved to exist imperceptible. Numerous gold coins from various of import countries were included, including American eagles, at a fourth dimension when it had recently become illegal for Americans to own them, and when well-nigh other countries had withdrawn gold from active circulation every bit well.

Early printings of this dictionary contained the erroneous ghost give-and-take dord.

Because of its style and give-and-take coverage, Webster'south Second is even so a popular lexicon. For instance, in the instance of Miller Brewing Co. v. G. Heileman Brewing Co., Inc., 561 F.2d 75 (7th Cir. 1977)^[20] – a trademark dispute in which the terms "lite" and "light" were held to be generic for light beer and therefore bachelor for use by anyone – the U.S. Courtroom of Appeals for the Seventh Excursion, after considering a definition from Webster's Third New International Dictionary, wrote that "[T]he comparable definition in the previous, and for many the archetype, edition of the same dictionary is equally follows:..."

Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961) [edit]

After about a decade of preparation, Yard. & C. Merriam issued the entirely new Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English language, Entire (usually known as Webster's Third, or W3) in September 1961.

Although it was an unprecedented masterwork of scholarship, it was met with considerable criticism for its descriptive (rather than prescriptive) approach.^[21] The dictionary'southward handling of "ain't" was subject to detail contemptuousness, since it seemed to overrule the nearly-unanimous denunciation of that word past English teachers.

Revisions and updates [edit]

Since the 1961 publication of the Tertiary, Merriam-Webster has reprinted the main text of the dictionary with only pocket-size corrections. To add new words, they created an Addenda Section in 1966, included in the front matter, which was expanded in 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1993, and 2002. However, the rate of additions was much slower than it had been throughout the previous hundred years. Following the purchase of Merriam-Webster by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in 1964, a three-volume version was issued for many years as a supplement to the encyclopedia. At the end of volume three, this edition included the Britannica World Language Dictionary, 474 pages of translations betwixt English and French, German, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and Yiddish. A CD-ROM version of the complete text, with thousands of additional new words and definitions from the "addenda", was published past Merriam-Webster in 2000, and is oftentimes packaged with the impress edition. The third edition was published in 2000 on Merriam-Webster'south website as a subscription service.

Planning for a Fourth edition of the Unabridged began with a 1988 memo from Merriam-Webster president William Llewellyn, but was repeatedly deferred in favor of updates to the more lucrative Collegiate. Work on a total revision finally began in 2009. In January 2013 the Third New International website service was rebranded every bit the Unabridged with the first "Release" of 4,800 new and revised entries added to the site. At that place were ii further "Releases" in 2014. The revised website is not branded equally the "Fourth edition" and it is unlikely that a print version will ever be produced, because demand is declining and its increased size would go far unwieldy and expensive.^{[22] [23] [24]}

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary [edit]

Merriam-Webster's eleventh edition of the Collegiate Dictionary

Merriam-Webster introduced its Collegiate Dictionary in 1898 and the series is at present in its eleventh edition. Following the publication of Webster'southward International in 1890, two Collegiate editions were issued every bit abridgments of each of their Unabridged editions.

With the 9th edition (Webster'southward Ninth New Collegiate Lexicon (WNNCD), published in 1983), the Collegiate adopted changes which distinguish information technology as a dissever entity rather than merely an abridgment of the "Third New International." Some proper names were returned to the word list, including names of Knights of the Round Table. The most notable change was the inclusion of the date of the starting time known commendation of each discussion, to certificate its entry into the English language. The eleventh edition (published in 2003) includes more than 225,000 definitions, and more than 165,000 entries.^[25] A CD-ROM of the text is sometimes included.

This dictionary is preferred as a source "for general matters of spelling" by The Chicago Manual of Style, which is followed by many book publishers and magazines in the United States. The Chicago Transmission states that it "commonly opts for" the first spelling listed.^[26]

In improver to its Collegiate editions Yard. & C. Merriam Co. as well produced abridged editions for students (Main School, Elementary School, Secondary School, High Schoolhouse, Common School, Academic) as well as for general public (Condensed, Practical, Handy). The first edition of the abridged Primary Schoolhouse dictionary was prepared by Noah Webster in 1833 and later revised by William G. Webster and William A. Wheeler.

Editions [edit]

Below is a list of years of publication of the Collegiate dictionaries.

• 1st: 1898
• 2d: 1910
• 3rd: 1916
• 4th: 1931
• 5th: 1936
• 6th: 1949
• 7th: 1963
• 8th: 1973
• ninth: 1983
• 10th: 1993
• 11th: 2003

The proper name Webster used by others [edit]

Since the late 19th century, dictionaries begetting the proper name Webster's have been published by companies other than Merriam-Webster. Some of these were unauthorized reprints of Noah Webster'south work; some were revisions of his work. Ane such revision was Webster's Majestic Dictionary, based on John Ogilvie's The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language, itself an expansion of Noah Webster's American Lexicon.

Following legal action past Merriam, successive United states courts ruled by 1908 that Webster'due south entered the public domain when the Unabridged did, in 1889.^[27] In 1917, a US courtroom ruled that Webster's entered the public domain in 1834 when Noah Webster's 1806 dictionary's copyright lapsed. Thus, Webster's became a genericized trademark and others were free to use the name on their ain works.

Since then, utilise of the name Webster has been rampant. Merriam-Webster goes to bully pains to remind lexicon buyers that it alone is the heir to Noah Webster.^{[28] [29]} Although Merriam-Webster revisers find solid ground in Noah Webster'south concept of the English language language as an ever-irresolute tapestry, the issue is more complicated than that. Throughout the 20th century, some non-Merriam editions, such equally Webster'south New Universal, were closer to Webster'southward work than gimmicky Merriam-Webster editions.^{[ citation needed ]} Farther revisions by Merriam-Webster came to have little in common with their original source,^{[ citation needed ]} while the Universal, for case, was minimally revised and remained largely out of date.

So many dictionaries of varied size and quality accept been chosen Webster's that the name no longer has any specific brand pregnant.^{[ commendation needed ]} Despite this, many people still recognize and trust the name. Thus, Webster'south continues as a powerful and lucrative marketing tool.^{[ citation needed ]} In recent years,^{[ when? ]} even established dictionaries with no straight link to Noah Webster whatsoever have adopted his name, adding to the confusion. Random House dictionaries are at present chosen Random House Webster'south, and Microsoft's Encarta Globe English Dictionary is now Encarta Webster's Dictionary. The dictionary now called Webster'southward New Universal no longer even uses the text of the original Webster's New Universal dictionary, but rather is a newly deputed version of the Random House Lexicon.

The Webster'due south Online Lexicon: The Rosetta Edition is non linked to Merriam-Webster Online. It is a multilingual online dictionary created in 1999 by Philip M. Parker.^[30] This site compiles different online dictionaries and encyclopedia including the Webster's Revised Unabridged Lexicon (1913), Wiktionary and Wikipedia.^[31]

Competition [edit]

Noah Webster'south main competitor was a homo named Joseph Emerson Worcester, whose 1830 Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language brought accusations of plagiarism from Webster. The rivalry was carried on by Merriam later Webster's death, in what is frequently referred to every bit the "Dictionary Wars". Later Worcester's death in 1865, revision of his Dictionary of the English Linguistic communication was soon discontinued and information technology eventually went out of impress.

The American edition of Charles Annandale's iv volume revision of The Majestic Lexicon of the English Language, published in 1883 by the Century Company, was more comprehensive than the Unabridged. The Century Dictionary, an expansion of the Regal first published from 1889 to 1891, covered a larger vocabulary until the publication of Webster's Second in 1934, subsequently the Century had ceased publication.

In 1894 came Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary, an attractive 1 volume counterpart to Webster's International. The expanded New Standard of 1913 was a worthy challenge to the New International, and remained a major competitor for many years. However, Funk & Wagnalls never revised the work, reprinting it virtually unchanged for more than 50 years, while Merriam published 2 major revisions.

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which published its complete outset edition in 1933, challenged Merriam in scholarship, though not in the market place due to its much larger size. The New International editions continued to offer words and features non covered by the OED, and vice versa. In the 1970s, the OED began publishing Supplements to its dictionary and in 1989 integrated the new words in the supplements with the older definitions and etymologies in its Second Edition.

Betwixt the 1930s and the 1950s, several higher dictionaries, notably the American Higher Dictionary and (not-Merriam) Webster's New World Lexicon, entered the market alongside the Collegiate. Amid larger dictionaries during this period was (non-Merriam) Webster's Universal Dictionary (also published as Webster'south Twentieth Century Dictionary) which traced its roots to Noah Webster and called itself "unabridged", only had less than half the vocabulary and paled in scholarship against the Merriam editions.

After the commercial success of Webster's 3rd New International in the 1960s,^[32] Random House responded past adapting its higher dictionary past calculation more illustrations and large numbers of proper names, increasing its impress size and page thickness, and giving information technology a heavy cover. In 1966, it was published every bit a new "unabridged" dictionary. It was expanded in 1987, merely it still covered no more than half the actual vocabulary of Webster'due south 3rd.

The American Heritage Publishing Co., highly critical of Webster'southward Tertiary, failed in an attempt to buy out Merriam-Webster and determined to create its own dictionary, The American Heritage Lexicon of the English Linguistic communication. In 1969, it issued a college-sized dictionary. At present in its 5th edition, it is only slightly greater in vocabulary than the Collegiate, just information technology appears much larger and has the entreatment of many pictures and other features, such equally a usage panel of language professionals which is polled for the acceptability of sure discussion usage, and a discussion for some entries of subtle differences amidst words with like significant. Other medium-sized dictionaries accept since entered the market place, including the New Oxford American and the Encarta Webster'southward, while Merriam-Webster has not attempted to compete by issuing a like edition.

References [edit]

1. ^ "Merriam-Webster FAQ". Retrieved January 24, 2008.
2. ^ Algeo, John. "The Furnishings of the Revolution on Language", in A Companion to the American Revolution. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. p. 599
3. ^ -or. Online Etymology Dictionary.
4. ^ Venezky, Richard. The American Mode of Spelling: The Structure and Origins of American English Orthography. Guilford Press, 1999. p. 26
5. ^ "Catalog entry". Library of Congress.
6. ^ Skeel, Emily. A Bibliography of the Writings of Noah Webster (1958), p. 234.
7. ^ ^{a b} "Rulon-Miller Books :: Recent Acquisitions".
8. ^ Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English language Language, 2d edition (New Haven, Connecticut: the writer, 1841).
9. ^ ^{a b} Morton, H. C. The Story of Webster's Third: Philip Gove's Controversial Dictionary and Its Critics. Cambridge University Press, 1995 ISBN 0-521-55869-seven, ISBN 978-0-521-55869-three
10. ^ "Emily Dickinson Lexicon".
11. ^ Noah Webster, An American Lexicon of the English language Language, 2d edition (Amherst, Massachusetts: J. South. & C. Adams, 1844).
12. ^ "G&C Merriam: Where the words of Noah Webster lived and thrived" Wayne Phaneuf, The Republican
13. ^ Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language, 2d edition (Springfield, Massachusetts: George & Charles Merriam, 1845).
14. ^ Jill Lepore, "Introduction" in Arthur Schulman, Websterisms: A Collection of Words and Definitions Fix Along past the Founding Father of American English (Free Press, 2008).
15. ^ Deppman, Jed (2002). "'I Could Non Have Defined the Change': Rereading Dickinson'southward Definition Poetry". Emily Dickinson Journal. 11 (1): 49–80. doi:10.1353/edj.2002.0005. S2CID 170669035. ; Martha Dickinson Bianchi, The life and letters of Emily Dickinson (1924) p. 80 for quote
16. ^ Nathan W. Austin, "Lost in the Maze of Words: Reading and Re-reading Noah Webster's Dictionaries," Dissertation Abstracts International, 2005, Vol. 65 Consequence 12, p. 4561
17. ^ Michael Hancher, "Gazing at the Imperial Lexicon," Book History, Volume i, 1998, pp. 156–181 doi:x.1353/bh.1998.0006
18. ^ Landau, Sidney (2001). Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-78512-X.
19. ^ Chiliad. M. Elisabeth Murray, Caught in the Web of Words: James Murray and the Oxford English language Dictionary (1977), p. 133
20. ^ "The states Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit". Retrieved September 13, 2010.
21. ^ Herbert Charles Morton, The Story of Webster's Third: Philip Gove'southward Controversial Dictionary and its Critics (1995) p. 123
22. ^ Skinner, David (July–August 2009). "Ain't That the Truth: Webster'due south 3rd: The Most Controversial Dictionary in the English". Humanities. National Endowment for the Humanities. 30 (4). Retrieved May 1, 2021.
23. ^ Fatsis, Stefan (January 12, 2015). "The Definition of a Lexicon". Slate.com. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
24. ^ Metcalf, Allan (June 12, 2013). "Unabridged Online". The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved January 19, 2018.
25. ^ "Lexicon Adds 150 Entries to Updated Edition". NBC News. Reuters. May 19, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
26. ^ The Chicago Manual of Manner, 15th edition, New York and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003, Chapter seven: "Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds", Department 7.1 "Introduction", p. 278
27. ^ 1000. & C. Merriam Co. v. Ogilvie, 159 Fed. 638 (1908)
28. ^ "Merriam-Webster FAQ".
29. ^ "Merriam-Webster Continues Noah Webster'southward Legacy". www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved May 12, 2018.
30. ^ "Fascinating facts nearly Philip Parker inventor of the W-O-D Project in 1999". Ideafinder.com. Vaunt Blueprint Grouping. November 1, 2006. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
31. ^ "Webster's Online Dictionary – Definition: dictionary". websters-online-dictionary.org. ICON Group International, Inc. Archived from the original on February 22, 2004. Retrieved Baronial 29, 2010.
32. ^ Reid, T. R. (Nov 8, 1987). "Brave New Words a Dictionary for Today". The Washington Post . Retrieved July fifteen, 2017.

Further reading [edit]

• Gove, Philip B. (1961). Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Preface. G. & C. Merriam.
• Landau, Sidney I. (1989) Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge University Press. 2nd Edition, 2001.
• Leavitt, Robert Keith (1947). Noah'southward Ark New England Yankees and the Countless Quest: a Short History of the Original Webster Dictionaries, With Item Reference to Their First Hundred Years. Springfield: M. & C. Merriam.
• Lepore, Jill (November 6, 2006). "Noah'due south Mark: Webster and the original lexicon wars". The New Yorker. pp. 78–87.
• Morton, Herbert C. (1994). The Story of Webster's Third: Philip Gove'south Controversial Dictionary and Its Critics. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Printing. ISBN978-0-521-46146-7.
• Neilson, William A.; et al. (1934). Webster'due south New International Dictionary. Preface and Introduction (Second ed.). G. & C. Merriam.
• Rollins, Richard One thousand. (1980). The Long Journey of Noah Webster . Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN978-0-8122-7778-iv.
• Skinner, David (2012). The Story of Ain't: America, Its Language, and the Most Controversial Dictionary E'er Published. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-0620-2746-7.
• Sledd, James; Ebbit, Wilma R., eds. (1962). Dictionaries and That Dictionary. Chicago: Scott Foresman.

External links [edit]

1828 edition [edit]

The 1828 edition of the American Dictionary of the English language (2 volumes; New York: South. Antipodal) can exist searched online at:

• 1828.mshaffer.com
• webstersdictionary1828.com

DjVu and PDF versions tin be viewed at the Cyberspace Annal:

• Volume 1 (includes words starting with A to I)
• Volume 2 (includes words starting with J to Z)

Plain-text versions are also available from the Internet Archive (with some errors, due to automatic optical grapheme recognition).

1841 (1844) edition [edit]

• 1841 edition (published 1844) on the Emily Dickinson site. The last edition of the American Dictionary of the English Language that Noah Webster made earlier his expiry.
• 1828.mshaffer.com

1847 edition [edit]

An American Dictionary of the English language Language, edited by Chauncey A. Goodrich.

• 1847 print
• 1857 impress

1859 edition [edit]

An American Dictionary of the English language Language, edited by Chauncey A. Goodrich, first pictorial edition.

• 1861 impress
• 1862 print

1864 edition [edit]

An American Lexicon of the English language Language, edited by Noah Porter and C. A. F. Mahn

• 1865 print
• 1886 print

1890 edition [edit]

Webster'due south International Dictionary, edited by Noah Porter and W. T. Harris, 1890 edition plus 1900 supplement

• 1907 print on HathiTrust
• 1898 print on the Internet Archive of the Australian edition with an Australian supplement

1909 edition [edit]

Webster'south New International Dictionary, 1st edition

• 1930 revision on HathiTrust, on the Internet Archive

1913 edition [edit]

The Webster'due south Revised Entire Lexicon (editor Noah Porter, Springfield, MA: C. & K. Merriam Co., 1913), from which copyright has lapsed and is now in the public domain, has been digitized in 1996 by MICRA, Inc.[1][2] and is now available at various free online resources, including:

• Projection Gutenberg:
  • Original raw version 0.50, texts No. 660 to No. 670, in Due east-text/East-Book format
  • #673, in ane file, in E-text/Eastward-Book format
  • #29765, in one file, plain text version
  • OPTED (Online Plain Text English language Dictionary), plain text, divided by letters
  • Electronic version in EPWING/JIS 10 4081 format
• Collaborative International Dictionary of English, GCIDE, and DICT
  • dict.org, DICT Development Group
• HyperDictionary.com
• www.websters1913.com

School dictionaries [edit]

• Dictionary for Primary Schools (1833), by Noah Webster, on Net Archive
• Primary School Dictionary (1867) on the Internet Archive, 1871 impress, 1874 print
• Webster's Chief School Lexicon (1892) on the Net Annal
• Webster's Elementary-School Dictionary (1914) on the Internet Archive
• Webster's Secondary-School Lexicon (1913) on HathiTrust, on the Net Annal
• Common-School Lexicon (1867) on HathiTrust, on Internet Annal
• Webster's Common School Dictionary (1892) on HathiTrust
• Loftier-Schoolhouse Dictionary (1868) on the Internet Archive
• Webster'south High Schoolhouse Dictionary (1892) on HathiTrust, on the Internet Archive, on the Internet Archive
• Webster's Academic Dictionary (1895) on the Net Archive

Collegiate Lexicon [edit]

• 1st edition (1898), on HathiTrust, on the Internet Archive, 1909 print on HathiTrust
• second edition (1910), 1914 print on HathiTrust
• 3rd edition (1916)
  • 1916 print on HathiTrust, on the Cyberspace Archive
  • 1917 print on HathiTrust
  • 1919 impress on HathiTrust, on the Internet Archive
• 11th Edition (2003), the nearly recent edition of the Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Lexicon available online on the company's website

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary

Posted by: gutierrezthentins.blogspot.com

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